Ever fancied your monkey might be able able to move a robot arm which is hundreds of miles away from its cage only by thought, using a broadband internet connection? Well, the monkey did not switch on the computer itself, but the rest is true, according to work published by the American neurobiologist Johan Wessberg in North Carolina, US.
He took two owl monkeys and implanted 96 and 32 microelectrodes (more) respectively in five regions of the brain, all of which were thought to have a say in motor activity. Then came the training, which took about a year or so and which was necessary to find a suitable algorithm for the prediction of the monkey’s arm movements in real time (more). This, in turn, was used to drive a robot arm both in the own laboratory and even two of them simultaneously in some other labs via an internet connection (more). Feedback was missing, though (more).

Wessberg's monkeys / Taylor's monkeys / more monkeys / humans
implantable > Wessberg


Microelectrodes have improved considerably in recent years. What is commonly used today are so called conic electrodes, which first popped up towards the end of the 1980s.

The idea behind conic electrodes is to provide an interface as stable as possible between the metal and the tissue, i.e. the nerve cells. This is realised by having a hollow structure which contains nerve growth factor, a chemical substance used by organisms naturally to encourage the growth of nerve cells. Boosted by this stimulus, nerve cells grow into the electrodes and form a hybrid structure, resulting in a remarkably stable interface.

In Wessberg’s experiments, the electrodes were implanted for 24 months and still did their job in the end.

Some words about the interface...

How far are we? Learn here what researchers all over the world are doing in BCI-research right now.